Bioretention system reporting pcswmm
![bioretention system reporting pcswmm bioretention system reporting pcswmm](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim-Irvine/publication/278068602/figure/fig1/AS:391885412683790@1470444171625/Design-Storm-90-mm-used-to-drive-PCSWMM-The-model-was-validated-by-comparing-the-flood.png)
For example, climate and soil characteristics determine how much water is stored in a watershed, making forests more or less effective at storing and slowly releasing water in the dry season (Brauman 2015 Browder et al. The multiple services derived from BGI in a given city depend on a range of social, ecological and technological factors (Keeler et al.
![bioretention system reporting pcswmm bioretention system reporting pcswmm](https://swmm5.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/image01010.jpg)
Nature-based solutions rely on blue and green infrastructure (BGI), or ‘natural infrastructure’, the ‘interconnected network of natural and semi-natural elements capable of providing multiple functions and ecosystem services’, ranging from green spaces to riparian and coastal vegetation, street trees and engineered systems such as bioretention or green roofs (Bartesaghi Koc et al. The multifunctionality of nature-based solutions aligns well with a systemic or ‘integrated’ approach to water management, one that integrates multiple stakeholders and multiple solutions to increase resilience to water-related hazards (Fletcher et al. Importantly, nature-based solutions provide a range of additional services such as reducing urban heat island, sequestering carbon and providing aesthetic or recreational value to a city (Depietri and McPhearson 2017 Keeler et al. These solutions leverage ecosystem services, the benefits provided by nature, to improve water management by restoring a more natural water cycle, for example increasing infiltration, evapotranspiration and pollutant removal (Eckart et al. Nature-based solutions are gaining traction among local governments, multilateral and non-governmental organizations to deliver efficient and sustainable urban water management (Asian Development Bank 2019 Brears 2018 Liu and Jensen 2018 World Wildlife Fund 2016). Whether it is mitigating flood risk, improving access to clean water or treating urban water effluents, managing water is a top priority for all cities in the world.
![bioretention system reporting pcswmm bioretention system reporting pcswmm](https://stormwater.wef.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Barnum-Park-1.jpg)
Future research and practice should focus on producing and sharing empirical data, ultimately increasing the regional knowledge base to promote efficient BGI strategies. In addition, the performance of BGI in combination with grey infrastructure, under climate change, or in informal settlements is poorly studied. However, practical knowledge to mainstream the implementation of BGI remains limited, with insufficient primary hydrological data and information on societal and environmental impacts. Evidence from modelling and laboratory studies confirmed the potential for BGI to address flooding and water quality issues in the region.
![bioretention system reporting pcswmm bioretention system reporting pcswmm](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim-Irvine/publication/278068602/figure/tbl1/AS:391885412683795@1470444171966/PCSWMM-calibration-results_Q320.jpg)
Bioretention systems, constructed wetlands, and green cover received the most attention in research. The body of literature on BGI in Southeast Asia is small and dominated by wealthier countries but we found evidence of uptake among researchers and practitioners in most countries. We searched for evidence of local types of BGI in peer-reviewed and grey literature and assessed the performance of BGI based on hydrological, societal, and environmental metrics. Here, we review the literature on BGI for flood risk mitigation and water quality improvement in Southeast Asian cities to understand the scope of practical knowledge and identify research needs. However, most of the knowledge on BGI is produced in the global North, overlooking the diversity of urban contexts globally. In Southeast Asia, projections of rapid urban growth coupled with high water-related risks call for large investments in infrastructure-including in blue–green infrastructure (BGI) such as forests, parks, or vegetated engineered systems.